Christopher T. Ruhland, Ph.D.
There is mounting evidence that the global climate has changed over the past 50 years. My research focuses upon physiological and terrestrial ecology of plants and soils. My interests span from the cell/molecular level up to the population level with an emphasis on physiological adaptations to a changing environment.
Current projects include the effects of elevated ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) associated with ozone depletion and the effects of warming on vascular plants and terrestrial ecosystems in Antarctica. In the past 50+ y annual air temperatures have increased >2.9 degrees C along the Antarctic Peninsula. This, along with glacial retreat and changing precipitation patterns, allows a unique opportunity to examine plant responses to climate change. I use novel techniques to explain plant responses to environmental change in a physiological context. My research has a strong field component and is often complimented with laboratory and greenhouse studies to elucidate underlying mechanisms.
Our field team has been studying terrestrial ecosystems around the Antarctic Peninsula since 1995. The National Science Foundation (Office of Polar Programs) has funded this work. The major focus of our research is examining how rapid climate change influences plant production, carbon and nitrogen cycling and predicting long terms effects on carbon storage.
Another area of my research examines UV-B-absorbing compounds in plant foliage. These sunscreen molecules primarily consist of a group of secondary metabolites called phenylpropanoids and it appears that plants vary widely in their ability to synthesize these compounds. Ongoing research focuses upon identifying and quantifying these compounds, as well as determining their spatial location inside of leaves. The overall aim of this research is to identify what role these “sun screen” compounds have in protecting plants against potentially harmful ultraviolet radiation.
A new research project in my lab is examining subtle differences in leaf structural components in crop plants and we are focusing on alfalfa. We are examining how abiotic and biotic variables influence these constituents and the implications for cellulosic ethanol production. Alfalfa is a nitrogen fixer and requires less agricultural inputs than other crop species common to Southern Minnesota. This research is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy.
(The picture above was taken on Biscoe Point, Anvers Island. Due to glacial recession, we now know that Biscoe Point is actually an island! Biscoe Point also happens to be home to one of the largest populations of vascular plants in Antarctica. It is also the likely site where John Biscoe landed back in 1832.)
Office Hours
MW 9am-11am; F 10-11am or by appointment.
Additional Information
Curriculum Vitae
Christopher Todd Ruhland
Associate Professor of Biological Sciences
Department of Biological Sciences
TS-242 Trafton Sciences Center South
Minnesota State University
Mankato, MN 56001
Office: 507 389-1323
Fax: 507 389-2788
Email: christopher.ruhland@mnsu.edu
Education
Ph.D. 2001. Arizona State University
School of Life Sciences
Department of Plant Biology
Tempe, AZ.
Dissertation Title: Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Phenylpropanoids and Growth of Vascular Plants in Antarctica.
M.S. 1995. West Virginia University
Department of Biology
Morgantown, WV.
Thesis Title: Influence of UV / visible spectral regime on leaf optics and photosynthesis in Rhododendron maximum.
B.S. 1992. Wheeling Jesuit College
Department of Biology
Wheeling, WV.
Independent Research Title: Case-building efficiency of Pycnopsyche gentilis: Early versus late successional leaves.
Publications
Ruhland C.T. and M.A. Krna. (2010) The effects of salinity and temperature on Deschampsia antarctica. Polar Biology (in press).
Strauss S.L., Ruhland C.T. and T.A. Day. (2009) Trends in soil characteristics along a recently deglaciated
foreland at Anvers Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biology 32:1779-1788.
Day, T.A., Ruhland C.T., Strauss S.L., Park J.H., Krieg M., Krna M.A. and D.M. Bryant. (2009) Response of plants and the dominant microarthropod, Cryptopygus antarcticus, to warming and contrasting precipitation regimes in Antarctic tundra. Global Change Biology 15:1640-1651.
Krna M.A., Day T.A. and C.T. Ruhland. (2009) Effects of neighoring plants on the growth and reproduction of Deshampsia antarctica in Antarctic tundra. Polar Biology 32:1487-1494.
Day, T.A., Ruhland C.T. and F. Xiong. (2008) Warming increases aboveground biomass and C stocks in vascular-plant dominated Antarctic tundra. Global Change Biology 14:1827-1843.
Ruhland, C.T., Fogal M.J., Buyarski C.R. and M.A. Krna. (2007) Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation Increases Phenolic Content and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power in Avena sativa. Molecules. 12:1220-1232.
Day, T.A., Zhang, E.T. and C.T. Ruhland. (2007) Exposure to solar UV-B radiation accelerates mass and lignin loss of Larrea tridentata litter in the Sonoran Desert. Plant Ecology. 193:185-194.
Park, J.H., Day, T.A., Strauss S. and C.T. Ruhland. (2007) Biogeochemical pools and fluxes of carbon and nitrogen in a maritime tundra near penguin colonies along the Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biology. 30:199-207.
Ruhland, C.T., Xiong, F.S., Clark, W.D. and T.A. Day. (2005) The influence of ultraviolet-B radiation
on hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids and growth of Deschampsia antarctica during the
springtime ozone depletion season in Antarctica. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 81:1086-1093.
Convey, P., Pugh, P.J.A., Jackson, C., Murray, A.W., Ruhland, C.T., Xiong, F.S. and T.A.
Day. (2002) Response of terrestrial microarthropods to multifactorial climate manipulation over a four year period. Ecology 11: 3130-3140.
Xiong, F.S., Ruhland, C.T. and T.A. Day. (2002) Effects of solar ultraviolet-B radiation on growth of Colobanthus quitensis at Palmer Station, Antarctica. Global Change
Biology 8: 1146-1155.
Ruhland C.T. and T.A. Day. (2001) The influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on survivorship, growth and pigment concentrations in Colobanthus quitensis seedlings, and size and longevity of seedbanks in Antarctica. Environmental and Experimental Botany 45:
143-154.
Day, T.A., C.T. Ruhland and F.S. Xiong (2001) Influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on Antarctic terrestrial plants: results from a four-year field study. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 62: 78-87.
Ruhland C.T. and T.A. Day. (2000) Effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on leaf elongation, production and phenylpropanoid concentrations in Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis in Antarctica. Physiologia Plantarum 109: 244-251.
Xiong F., C.T. Ruhland and T.A. Day. (1999) Photosynthetic temperature response of the
Antarctic vascular plants Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica.
Physiologia Plantarum 106: 276-286.
Day T.A., C.T. Ruhland, C.W. Grobe and F. Xiong. (1999) Growth and reproduction of
Antarctic vascular plants in response to warming and UV-radiation reductions in
the field. Oecologia 119: 24-35.
Ruhland C.T. and B.M. Stout. (1999) Case-building efficiency of Pycnopsyche gentilis: Early versus late successional leaves. Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science 71: 4-14
Grobe C.W., C.T. Ruhland and T.A. Day. (1997) A new population of the vascular plant Colobanthus quitentsis (Kunth) Bartl. at Arthur Harbor, Antarctic Peninsula: Correlating recruitment with warmer summer air temperatures. Arctic and Alpine Research 29: 217-221.
Day T.A., C.T. Ruhland and F. Xiong (1997) Impacts of UV-B radiation and regional
warming on Antarctic vascular plants. Antarctic Journal of the United States 32: 155-157.
Ruhland C.T. and T.A. Day. (1996) Changes in ultraviolet-B radiation screening effectiveness with leaf age in Rhododendron maximum. Plant, Cell and Environment 19: 740-746.
Day T.A., B.W. Howells and C.T. Ruhland. (1996) Changes in growth and pigment concentrations with leaf age in pea under modulated UV-B field treatments. Plant, Cell and Environment 19: 101-108.
Sullivan J.H., B.W. Howells, C.T. Ruhland and T.A. Day. (1996) Changes in leaf expansion and epidermal screening effectiveness in Liquidambar styraciflua and Pinus taeda in response to UV-B radiation. Physiologia Plantarum 98: 349-357.
Day T.A., C.T. Ruhland and C.W. Grobe (1996) Impacts of climate change on Antarctic
vascular plants: Warming and ultraviolet-B radiation. Antarctic Journal of the United
States 31: 226-227.
Research Experience
2009 to present: U.S. Department of Energy. Alfalfa variety selection for maximum fiber content, protein and nitrogen fixation. Part of Cellulosic ethanol, optimization of bio-fuels in engines, and course development for renewable energy technicians. To Minnesota Center for Renewable Energy.
2003 to present: Co-Principal Investigator. Palmer Station, Antarctica and Minnesota State University. "Response of terrestrial ecosystems along the Antarctic Peninsula to a changing climate." NSF/OPP grant to TA Day (PI), J Klopatek and CT Ruhland (Co-PIs).
2001 Staff Scientist. Arizona State University. "Significance of UV-induced autofluroescence
in leaves." USDA/NRI grant, Plant Responses to the Environment to Dr. Thomas A. Day.
1997 to 2001. Field Team Leader. Palmer Station, Antarctica and Arizona State University. "Impacts of climate change on Antarctic vascular plants: Warming and UV-B radiation." NSF grant, Office of Polar Programs to Dr. Thomas A. Day.
1995 to 1997. Field Team Leader. Palmer Station, Antarctica and Arizona State University. "Ozone depletion, UV-B radiation, and plant performance in Antarctica." NSF grant,
Office of Polar Programs to Dr. Thomas A. Day.
1992 to 1995. Department of Biology, West Virginia University.
"UV-B constraints on photosynthetic capacity: linking leaf structure with function."
USDA/NRI grant, Plant Responses to Environmental Change to Dr. Thomas A. Day.
1990 to 1992. Department of Biology, Wheeling Jesuit College.
"Effect of off-road vehicle disturbance on vegetative communities of Northern Canaan Valley, WV wetlands." EPA Competitive Grant to Dr. Benjamin M. Stout.
Teaching Experience
2005 to Present: Associate Professor of Biology
Minnesota State University
Department of Biological Sciences
Plant Physiology Lecture & Laboratory (BIO 441/541)
Plant Biology Lecture & Laboratory (BIO 217)
Global Change Biology (BIO 410/510)
Plant Biotechnology Lecture & Laboratory (BIO 451/541)
Advanced Field Ecology (BIO 409/509)
Plant Ecology Lecture & Laboratory (BIO 443/543)
General Biology II Lecture & Laboratory (BIO 106)
General Biology I Laboratory (BIO 105)
Independent Study (BIO 499 & 699)
2001 to 2005: Assistant Professor of Biology
Minnesota State University
Department of Biological Sciences
1996 to 2001: Teaching Assistant
Arizona State University
Department of Plant Biology
General Biology Laboratory (BIO 181)
Methods in Environmental Plant Physiology Laboratory (BIO 498)
1994 to 1995: Supervising Teaching Assistant
Department of Biology, West Virginia University.
Coordinator of all Introductory Biology Laboratories for majors and supervision for graduate teaching assistants
1992 to 1995: Teaching Assistant
West Virginia University
Department of Biology
Principles of Biology Laboratory (BIO 15)
Functional Diversity of Organisms Laboratory (BIO 17)
Introduction to Biology Laboratory (BIO 100)
Summer 1992.
Teaching Assistant and Counselor
Wheeling Jesuit College Math and Science Institute
Upward Bound Program for disadvantaged high school students interested in attending college. Sponsored by NASA.
1991 to 1992: Teaching Assistant
Wheeling Jesuit College
Department of Biology
General Ecology Laboratory (BIO 205)
General Biology Laboratory (BIO 105)
Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory (BIO 320)
Students
Undergraduate: Marney Butz, Christopher Buyarski, Sonja Christensen, Mitch Fogal, Brad Tolocko, Alex Watson, Chris Kniffen, Jessica Biever, Katy Gruchella, Tammy Kolander, Genevieve Miles, Christopher Gardner, Dan West, Janet Wood, Alex Cahlander-Mooers, Kayla Kiecker, Adam Warnke
Graduate: Lori Anderson, Kiki Quade,Cheryl Ellstrom, Meghann Morrisey, Cindy Kottschade, Jacob Scandrett, Richard Creveling (Geography), Mary Morgan (Chemistry); Chair: Matt Krna, Devarati Bhattachrya, Breann Wozniak
Professional Affiliations
The Ecological Society of America (1994 - Present)
American Society of Photobiology (2002 - 2006)
West Virginia Academy of Science (1992 - 1995)
Center for the Study of Early Events in Photosynthesis at Arizona State University (1995 - 2001)
Grants Received
2009 Cellulosic ethanol, optimization of bio-fuels in engines, and course development for renewable energy technicians. To Minnesota Center for Renewable Energy. (one of many PIs)
2007 The effects of supplemental warming and precipitation on growth and
reproduction of Antarctic Vascular Plants. Summer Research Grant
2003 Response of terrestrial ecosystems along the Antarctic Peninsula to a changing
climate. Principal Investigator: Dr. Thomas A. Day. Co-Principal Investigators:
Dr. Christopher T. Ruhland and Dr. Jeffery M. Klopatek. National Science
Foundation Office of Polar Programs.
2001 The effects of solar ultraviolet-B radiation on non-enzymatic antioxidants in Glycine
max and Sorghum bicolor. Faculty Research Grant at Minnesota State University
1998 The Influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on leaf growth of Antarctic Vascular Plants.
National Science Foundation Travel Grant
Academic and Professional Awards
2009 Excellence in Grants and Contracts. w/J. Frey, B. Jones, J. Rife & G. Marg (Minnesota State University)
2005 Excellence in Faculty Research (Minnesota State University)
2001 Michael A. Cichan Memorial Award for Excellence in Plant Biology (Arizona State University
1999 Antarctic Service Medal of the United States of America for Exploration and
Scientific Achievement (National Science Foundation)
1996 HERF Scholarship Award: Department of Biology (West Virginia University)
Professional Service
Invited Reviewer for: Nature Geoscience; Global Change Biology; Plant Ecology; Physiologia Plantarum; Tree Physiology; Agricultural
and Forest Meteorology; Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine Research; Polar Biology; Environmental Pollution; New Phytologist; Polar Research; Phytochemistry; Acta Physiologiae Plantarum; Antarctic Science; Benjamin Cummings Publishers
Invited Speaker: Arizona Science Center; M/V World Discoverer; M/S Explorer; American Society of Photochemistry and Photobiology; NASA "Live From Antarctica 2;" Palmer Station Science Series Lectures
Department of Biological Sciences (MSU) Scholarship Committee (2001-2003; Chair); Animal Biologist Search Committee (2001-2002); Aquatic Ecologist Search Committee (2003); Department Chair Search Committee (2004-2005); Molecular Genetics Search Committee (2005-2006); Graduate Faculty (2001-present)
Contributed Papers and Abstracts
August 2009. Ruhland C.T., Krna M.A., Strauss S.L. and T.A. Day. Effects of supplemental warming and precipitation on decomposition of Antarctic vascular plant litter. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Albuquerque, NM.
August 2009. Day T.A. and C.T. Ruhland. Effectiveness of different wavebands of solar radiation on litter decomposition in the Sonoran Desert. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Albuquerque, NM.
April 2009. Cahlander-Mooers A, Wood J, and C.T. Ruhland. Comparing the potential cellulosic ethanol production of six prairie grasses. 23rd National Conference on Undergraduate Research. La Crosse, WI.
April 2009. Bhattacharya, Devarati and C.T. Ruhland. Influence of solar ultraviolet-B radiation on litter decomposition in Southern Minnesota. Graduate Research Conference. Minnesota State University.
April 2009. Morgan M. and C.T. Ruhland. Proline accumulation in Dechampsia antarctica: Response to salinity variations. Graduate Research Conference. Minnesota State University.
April 2008. Gardner, C.M. West D.R., and C.T. Ruhland. Ultraviolet radiation screening effectiveness of three
coniferous tree species during spring thaw events in Southern Minnesota. Minnesota Academy of Science.
Bethel University, St. Paul, MN.
April 2008. Gardner C.M, West D.R., and C.T. Ruhland Screening of ultraviolet-B radiation by three coniferous
species during winter in Southern Minnesota. Undergraduate Research Conference. Minnesota State University.
August 2008. Ruhland C.T., Xiong F.S. and T.A. Day. Hydroxycinnamic acids in the epidermis of Antarctic vascular plants may convey increased tolerance against ultraviolet-B radiation during ozone depletion events. Ferulate ‘08: An international conference on hydroxycinnamates are related plant phenolics. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.
April 2007 Miles GL and CT Ruhland. Evaluation of the effects of the alleochemical
juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4 naphthoquinone) on Rhamnus cathartica. Undergraduate
Research Conference. Minnesota State University.
August 2006. Ruhland, C.T., Strauss, S.L., Krna, M.A. and T.A. Day. The effects of supplemental warming and precipitation on growth and reproduction of Antarctic vascular plants. Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Memphis, TN.
August 2006. Day, T.A., Ruhland, C.T., Bryant, D.M, Strauss, S.L. and Krna, M.A. . Effects of warming and supplemental precipitation on CO2 flux, nutrient cycling and primary production in Antarctic tundra. Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Memphis, TN.
August 2006. Krna, M.A., Day, T.A. and C.T. Ruhland. Effects of neighboring plants on growth and reproduction of Deschampsia antarctica in Antarctic tundra. Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Memphis, TN.
August 2006. Strauss, S.L., Ruhland,C.T., Secott, T.E. and T.A. Day. Soil development and nutrient cycling during early succession of glacial forelands along the Antarctic Peninsula. Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Memphis, TN.
August 2006. Bryant, D.M., Strauss, S., Thomey, M., Ruhland, C.T. and T.A. Day. C:N:P Stoichiometry of Antarctic tundra micocosms under increased temperature, precipitation and soil glucose addition. Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America. Memphis, TN.
April 2006. Kniffen, C.D. and C.T. Ruhland. Effects of soil microorganisms on gas exchange
of Bromus inermis and Andropogon gerardii. Undergraduate Research Conference. Minnesota State University.
April 2006. Biever, J. and C.T. Ruhland. The effects of soil salinity on Glycine max soluble
carbohydrate concentration, biomass and photosynthesis. Undergraduate Research Conference. Minnesota State University.
April 2005. Day, T.A., Bryant D.M., Strauss S., Thomey M., Secott T.E. and C.T. Ruhland. Effect of climate manipulations on vascular-plant dominated tundra along the Antarctic Peninsula. Synthesis of soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in Victoria Land, Antarctica: An NSF sponsored workshop. Jekyll Island,GA.
April 2005. Buyarski, C. and C.T. Ruhland. Decomposition of a native grass species in the Antarctic tundra. Undergraduate Research Conference, Minnesota State University.
July 2004. Ruhland, C.T. and T.A. Day. The influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on Deschampsia antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis during springtime ozone depletion in Antarctica. 32nd Annual Meeting of the American Society for Photobiology.
April 2004. Buyarski C and Ruhland, C.T. Assessment of Ferric-Reducing/Antioxidant Power
in the foliage of several tree species. Undergraduate Research Conference. Minnesota
State University.
July 2003. Day T.A., Ruhland, C.T. and F.S. Xiong. Effects of climate change on photosynthesis, growth and reproduction of Antarctic vascular plants. The 4th Conference on Biochemistry, Ecophysiology and Population Biology of Alpine and Polar Plants.
Innsbruck, Austria.
April 2003. Fogal M.J. and C.T. Ruhland. The effects of solar ultraviolet-B radiation on growth
and photosynthesis of Avena sativa. Undergraduate Research Conference. Minnesota
State University.
April 2003. Christensen S. and C.T. Ruhland. The influence of solar ultraviolet-B radiation
on phenylpropanoid concentrations and ferric-reducing ability in Avena sativa.
Undergraduate Research Conference. Minnesota State University.
August 2002. Ruhland, C.T., Xiong, F.S., Clark W.D. and T.A. Day. The effects of solar
UV-B on growth and phenylpropanoids of Deschampsia antarctica. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Tucson, AZ.
August 2002. Day, T.A., Ruhland C.T. and F.S. Xiong. Four years of warming enhances biomass and seed production, and litter accumulation in Antarctic Tundra. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Tucson, AZ.
April 2002. Butz, M. and C.T. Ruhland. Use of the Ferric Reducing / Antioxidant Power Test (FRAP) Assay as a Measurement of Antioxidant Power of Plant Phenylpropanoids.
Undergraduate Research Conference. Minnesota State University.
November 2000. Day T.A., C.T. Ruhland, F.S. Xiong and A.E. Stapleton. Influence of enhanced UV-B radiation due to ozone depletion on productivity, growth, photosynthesis and DNA damage in terrestrial plants along the Antarctic Peninsula. Second General Assembly of Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate and UV impacts. (SPARC). World Climate Research Programme. Mar del Plata, Argentina.
January 2000. Day T.A., C.T. Ruhland and F.S. Xiong. Photosynthetic and respiratory
responses of Antarctic vascular plants: Linking carbon assimilation to growth. 9th
Annual Western Photosynthetic Conference, Pacific Grove, CA.
August 1999. Ruhland C.T. and T.A. Day. The influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on leaf
growth and phenylpropanoid concentrations of Antarctic vascular plants. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Spokane, WA. In Bulletin of the Ecological Society 80:302.
August 1999. Day T.A., C.T. Ruhland and F. Xiong. Growth and reproductive responses of Antarctic flowering plants to climate change: warming and UV-B radiation. Annual
Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Spokane, WA. In Bulletin of the
Ecological Society 80:74.
September 1998. Ruhland C.T. and T.A. Day. The influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on
leaf growth of Antarctic vascular plants. VII Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research. International Biology Symposium. In New Zealand Natural Sciences 23:167.
September 1998 Day T.A., C.T. Ruhland and F. Xiong. Field response of Antarctic vascular plants to warming and UV radiation reduction. VII Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research. International Biology Symposium. In New Zealand
Natural Sciences 23:48.
August 1997. Ruhland C.T., F. Xiong and T.A. Day. Leaf UV-screening characteristics of Antarctic vascular plants. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Albuquerque, NM. In Bulletin of the Ecological Society 78:305.
August 1997. Xiong F., C.W. Grobe, C.T. Ruhland and T.A. Day. Field photosynthetic characteristics of Antarctic vascular plants: The influence of radiation and temperature. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Albuquerque, NM. In Bulletin of the Ecological Society 78:333.
August 1997. Day T.A., C.T. Ruhland, C.W. Grobe and F. Xiong. Impact of enhanced UV- B radiation and rising temperatures on the performance of Antarctic vascular plants.
Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Albuquerque, NM. In Bulletin of the Ecological Society 78:78.
August 1995. Ruhland C.T. and T.A. Day. The role of enhanced UV-B and visible irradiance on photoinhibition and pigment concentrations in Rhododendron maximum. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Snowbird, UT. In
Bulletin of the Ecological Society 76:86.
August 1995. Day T.A., B.W. Howells and C.T. Ruhland. Changes in growth, leaf anatomy and pigment concentrations in pea under modulated UV-B field treatments.
Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Snowbird, UT. In Bulletin of the Ecological Society 76:86.
August 1995. Howells B.W., J.H. Sullivan, C.T. Ruhland and T.A. Day. Epidermal screening of UV-B radiation in loblolly pine and sweetgum. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, Snowbird, UT. In Bulletin of the Ecological Society 76:86.
August 1994. Ruhland C.T. and T.A. Day. Changes in ultraviolet-B radiation screening effectiveness with leaf age in Rhododendron maximum. Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. In Bulletin of
the Ecological Society 75:198.
May 1994. Ruhland C.T. and T.A. Day. Ultraviolet-B radiation screening effectiveness of Rhododendron maximum. Annual Meeting of the West Virginia Academy of Science, Fairmont State College, WV. In Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science 66:13.
June 1992. Ruhland C.T. and B. M. Stout, III. Case-Building Efficiency of Pycnopsyche scabripennis: Early versus late successional leaves. Annual Meeting of the North American Benthological Society. University of Kentucky, Louisville, KY. In Bulletin of the North American Benthological Society 9:109.
May 1992. Ruhland, C.T. and B. M. Stout, III. Preference of case-building material of Pycnopsyche scabripennis. Annual Meeting of the West Virginia Academy of Science, West Liberty State College, WV. In Proceedings of the West Virginia Academy of Science 64.
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